Major glyphs will usually directly benefit performance in some way, usually at the cost of another function of a spell or ability (ie: Resto Druid Glyph of Regrowth removes the heal over time component but buffs the crit chance of the spell by 40%, making it 100% crit chance. Every time Regrowth crits a special buff goes on the target, so it's nice to be able to guarantee that).
Minor glyphs are much more cosmetic or flavor, like being able to run on water while sprinting (rogue) or have another player ride you in travel form (druid) or being able to summon a fire, arcane, or frost companion pet (mage). There are some minor glyphs that are REALLY nice, but for the most part they're optional.
You can get, like Morov said, enchants on your neck, both rings, cloak, and each weapon. Weapon enchants are usually a "chance on hit to grant X buff" while the others are going to be a flat buff to a secondary stat.
Wow is a little different than SWTOR in that each secondary stat does things very differently. You have the tank/healer only stats of Bonus Armor and Spirit which increases armor and increases mana regeneration rate, respectively. Then you have Crit and Haste which function similarly if not identically to SWTOR.
The oddballs are going to be Mastery, Multistrike, and Versatility. Versatility is an all around spellpower/attackpower/damage reduction buff that, as far as I know, really isn't that good and should not be overly sought after for any class. Mastery is a stat that does something different for every class and every spec. For instance, prot paladin mastery increases the damage reduction of the Shield of the Righteous buff, while fire mage mastery increases the damage of the Ignite DoT that all fire spells put on the target. Multistrike gives a chance on ability use/spell-cast to re-use/cast the ability up to two additional times.
The biggest thing to understand, and I'll make a post on this when it comes closer to us raiding, is that each class/spec has a stat priority that is specifically designed to maximize performance. Icy Veins is THE go-to resource for optimal glyphs, talent choices, gem slotting, stat priority, and rotation information. The guides are written - similarly to Dulfy - by higher-end players and I highly recommend people look at the guides to optimize their play.